Worker & Parasite: Class Antagonism
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Worker & Parasite: Class Antagonism
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- Marxism, Political Economy, Manpower (Arbeitskraft), National Security
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"A Marxist understanding of social class requires going beyond one’s own experience to consider where one stands in the larger scheme of social organization (Luquet and Wetcher-Hendricks 2005; Wills, Brewster, and Faulkerson 2005; Brezina 1996). Bohmer and Briggs explain that “privileged students, particularly those without prior exposure to a sociological perspective, find it difficult to go to a structural analysis of social stratification” (1991, 154). For Marx (1977), capitalism is inherently exploitative because the surplus value created through the proletariat’s work is acquired by the capitalist. Indeed, profit is the creation of more value than workers receive. It is also the creation of a capitalist class, which exists only because it takes something from another: the resources of workers in the form of their labor. This condition puts the bourgeoisie directly in conflict with workers since the desire of the capitalist is to obtain ever-rising value from the worker while investing as little as possible in wages or other benefits. In other words, the material conditions of existence under capitalism structure the two classes antagonistically because the one (the capitalists) exists only in the exploitation of the other (the workers)." -Wrye (2012)
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Johnson, C. H. (1966). Etienne Cabet and the Problem of Class Antagonism. International Review of Social History, 11(03), 403. doi:10.1017/s0020859000003187
Bonacich, E. (1972). A Theory of Ethnic Antagonism: The Split Labor Market. American Sociological Review, 37(5), 547. doi:10.2307/2093450
Wrye, J. (2012). Boss and Worker: An Active-Learning Exercise in Exploitation and Class Antagonism. College Teaching, 60(4), 140–146. doi:10.1080/87567555.2012.65483
["Many undergraduate social sciences courses devote considerable time to analysis and discussion of social class inequalities. Inequality, poverty, and social class can be difficult concepts for students to learn even though they are among the most important topics to our disciplines (Hattery 2003). It has been well documented that the myth of meritocracy is a resilient one among many relatively privileged undergraduate students (McNamee and Miller 2004; Wills, Brewster, and Fulkerson 2005). Many exhibit great resistance to the notion that social structures, rather than individual factors such as exerting effort, having integrity, skills, or the right attitude, have a more significant impact on one’s life chances (Yogan 2009). They also tend to conclude that structural or systemic barriers do not exist and that people in lower social classes simply do not work hard enough to improve their situation (Workman Eells 1987; Bohmer and Briggs 1991). Even in the face of evidence to the contrary, many students believe that there is more equality today than in earlier generations and that society is becoming increasingly fairer with each passing day."]
Shapiro, H. (1988). The McNamara Case: A Window on Class Antagonism in the Progressive Era. Southern California Quarterly, 70(1), 69–95. doi:10.2307/41171293
Holländer, Heinz. "Class antagonism, exploitation and the labour theory of value." The Economic Journal 92.368 (1982): 868-885.
["It is a key hypothesis of Marxian historical theory that the working class will eventually emancipate itself in a process of class struggle against capitalists by establishing a socialist system without exploitation. Class struggle is regarded as resulting from a fundamental conflict of class interests which cannot be resolved within capitalist relations of production. We call a state of class relations characterised by such antagonistic interests 'class antagonism'."]
Grundy, K. W. (1964). The “Class Struggle” in Africa: An Examination of Conflicting Theories. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 2(03), 379. doi:10.1017/s0022278x0000433x
["Largely because of its unfortunate association with Marxism, the concept of'class' as a tool of socio-political analysis has been discredited among many contemporary western scholars, especially in the United States. This is a relatively recent development. 2 Class analysis was not created by Karl Marx. Aristotle was perhaps the first political theorist to view political phenomena in terms of class interests. Various concepts of class can be found in the writings of Alexander Hamilton..."]
Giddens, Anthony, and Anthony Giddens. The class structure of the advanced societies. London: Hutchinson, 1973.
Rosenberg, Morris. "Perceptual obstacles to class consciousness." Soc. F. 32 (1953): 22.
Dos Santos, Theotonio. "The concept of social classes." Science & Society (1970): 166-193.
Chan, Anita, Stanley Rosen, and Jonathan Unger. "Students and class warfare: the social roots of the Red Guard conflict in Guangzhou (Canton)." The China Quarterly 83 (1980): 397-446.
Burris, Val. "Capital accumulation and the rise of the new middle class." Review of Radical Political Economics 12.1 (1980): 17-34.
Dollard, John. "Hostility and fear in social life." Social Forces 17.1 (1938): 15-26.
["THIS paper will discuss what is commonly termed "race prejudice." Close analysis of the word reveals at least two distinct situations in which it is used: one where irrational antagonism is vented against other people, and the other where rational, that is intelligible, hostility is aroused in defense of a given status or economic order.' The events which common speech indicates as "race prejudice"'may perhaps better be denoted in other terms."]
Miles, Robert. "Class, race and ethnicity: a critique of Cox's theory." Ethnic and Racial Studies 3.2 (1980): 169-187.
Buck, Paul H. "The poor whites of the ante-bellum south." The American Historical Review 31.1 (1925): 41-54.
Schwarz, Roberto. "Misplaced ideas: Literature and society in late nineteenth-century Brazil." Comparative Civilizations Review 5.5 (1980): 3.
["Every science has principles on which its system is based. Free labor is one of the principles of Political Economy. Yet in Brazil the "unpolitical and abominable" fact of slavery reigns."]
Trotsky, Leon, and Leon Trotsky. Their morals and ours. New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1942.
Parkin, Frank. "System contradiction and political transformation." European Journal of Sociology/Archives Européennes de Sociologie 13.1 (1972): 45-62.
Rosdolsky, Roman. "Worker and Fatherland: a note on a Passage in the Communist Manifesto." Science & Society (1965): 330-337.
["The Communists are further reproached with desiring to abolish countries and nationality. The working men have no country. We can not take from them what they have not got. Since the proletariat must first of all acquire political supremacy, must constitute itself the nation,"]
ICP. (1979). Roman Rosdolsky—A genuine marxist scholar. Critique, 10(1), 103–107. doi:10.1080/03017607908413245
["Roman Rosdolsky, who died in Detroit, Michigan, last November, was the last survivor of the founders of the Communist movement in the western Ukraine and one of the most remarkable Marxists of recent decades. Rosdolsky's fate was characteristic of that of a whole generation of European revolutionists; it was exceptional only in that he was able to survive the persecution attendant on home-grown fascism, Nazism, and Stalinism. He was born in the city of Lvov (Lemberg) in 1898. At that time, this Ukrainian city belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After 1918, it was annexed by Poland. In September 1939 it was conquered by the Soviet army. In 1941, it was occupied by the Nazis. In 1944 it was liberated by the Soviet army and from then on merged into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic."]
Coser, Lewis A. "Social conflict and the theory of social change." The British journal of sociology 8.3 (1957): 197-207.
Bonacich, E. (1972). A Theory of Ethnic Antagonism: The Split Labor Market. American Sociological Review, 37(5), 547. doi:10.2307/2093450
Wrye, J. (2012). Boss and Worker: An Active-Learning Exercise in Exploitation and Class Antagonism. College Teaching, 60(4), 140–146. doi:10.1080/87567555.2012.65483
["Many undergraduate social sciences courses devote considerable time to analysis and discussion of social class inequalities. Inequality, poverty, and social class can be difficult concepts for students to learn even though they are among the most important topics to our disciplines (Hattery 2003). It has been well documented that the myth of meritocracy is a resilient one among many relatively privileged undergraduate students (McNamee and Miller 2004; Wills, Brewster, and Fulkerson 2005). Many exhibit great resistance to the notion that social structures, rather than individual factors such as exerting effort, having integrity, skills, or the right attitude, have a more significant impact on one’s life chances (Yogan 2009). They also tend to conclude that structural or systemic barriers do not exist and that people in lower social classes simply do not work hard enough to improve their situation (Workman Eells 1987; Bohmer and Briggs 1991). Even in the face of evidence to the contrary, many students believe that there is more equality today than in earlier generations and that society is becoming increasingly fairer with each passing day."]
Shapiro, H. (1988). The McNamara Case: A Window on Class Antagonism in the Progressive Era. Southern California Quarterly, 70(1), 69–95. doi:10.2307/41171293
Holländer, Heinz. "Class antagonism, exploitation and the labour theory of value." The Economic Journal 92.368 (1982): 868-885.
["It is a key hypothesis of Marxian historical theory that the working class will eventually emancipate itself in a process of class struggle against capitalists by establishing a socialist system without exploitation. Class struggle is regarded as resulting from a fundamental conflict of class interests which cannot be resolved within capitalist relations of production. We call a state of class relations characterised by such antagonistic interests 'class antagonism'."]
Grundy, K. W. (1964). The “Class Struggle” in Africa: An Examination of Conflicting Theories. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 2(03), 379. doi:10.1017/s0022278x0000433x
["Largely because of its unfortunate association with Marxism, the concept of'class' as a tool of socio-political analysis has been discredited among many contemporary western scholars, especially in the United States. This is a relatively recent development. 2 Class analysis was not created by Karl Marx. Aristotle was perhaps the first political theorist to view political phenomena in terms of class interests. Various concepts of class can be found in the writings of Alexander Hamilton..."]
Giddens, Anthony, and Anthony Giddens. The class structure of the advanced societies. London: Hutchinson, 1973.
Rosenberg, Morris. "Perceptual obstacles to class consciousness." Soc. F. 32 (1953): 22.
Dos Santos, Theotonio. "The concept of social classes." Science & Society (1970): 166-193.
Chan, Anita, Stanley Rosen, and Jonathan Unger. "Students and class warfare: the social roots of the Red Guard conflict in Guangzhou (Canton)." The China Quarterly 83 (1980): 397-446.
Burris, Val. "Capital accumulation and the rise of the new middle class." Review of Radical Political Economics 12.1 (1980): 17-34.
Dollard, John. "Hostility and fear in social life." Social Forces 17.1 (1938): 15-26.
["THIS paper will discuss what is commonly termed "race prejudice." Close analysis of the word reveals at least two distinct situations in which it is used: one where irrational antagonism is vented against other people, and the other where rational, that is intelligible, hostility is aroused in defense of a given status or economic order.' The events which common speech indicates as "race prejudice"'may perhaps better be denoted in other terms."]
Miles, Robert. "Class, race and ethnicity: a critique of Cox's theory." Ethnic and Racial Studies 3.2 (1980): 169-187.
Buck, Paul H. "The poor whites of the ante-bellum south." The American Historical Review 31.1 (1925): 41-54.
Schwarz, Roberto. "Misplaced ideas: Literature and society in late nineteenth-century Brazil." Comparative Civilizations Review 5.5 (1980): 3.
["Every science has principles on which its system is based. Free labor is one of the principles of Political Economy. Yet in Brazil the "unpolitical and abominable" fact of slavery reigns."]
Trotsky, Leon, and Leon Trotsky. Their morals and ours. New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1942.
Parkin, Frank. "System contradiction and political transformation." European Journal of Sociology/Archives Européennes de Sociologie 13.1 (1972): 45-62.
Rosdolsky, Roman. "Worker and Fatherland: a note on a Passage in the Communist Manifesto." Science & Society (1965): 330-337.
["The Communists are further reproached with desiring to abolish countries and nationality. The working men have no country. We can not take from them what they have not got. Since the proletariat must first of all acquire political supremacy, must constitute itself the nation,"]
ICP. (1979). Roman Rosdolsky—A genuine marxist scholar. Critique, 10(1), 103–107. doi:10.1080/03017607908413245
["Roman Rosdolsky, who died in Detroit, Michigan, last November, was the last survivor of the founders of the Communist movement in the western Ukraine and one of the most remarkable Marxists of recent decades. Rosdolsky's fate was characteristic of that of a whole generation of European revolutionists; it was exceptional only in that he was able to survive the persecution attendant on home-grown fascism, Nazism, and Stalinism. He was born in the city of Lvov (Lemberg) in 1898. At that time, this Ukrainian city belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After 1918, it was annexed by Poland. In September 1939 it was conquered by the Soviet army. In 1941, it was occupied by the Nazis. In 1944 it was liberated by the Soviet army and from then on merged into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic."]
Coser, Lewis A. "Social conflict and the theory of social change." The British journal of sociology 8.3 (1957): 197-207.
----
Also see:
[Proslavery Regimes]
[Elton Mayo]
[Manpower (Arbeitskraft)]
[Human Resources]
Economic Warfare
https://archive.org/details/economic_warfare/1939/page/n1/mode/2up
No Room Left in Rome: Minimum Wage & Dual Economies (IPE & Keynesian Economics)
https://archive.org/details/dual-econ_min-wage/banerjee1998/
Party Girl: Library and Information Science (MLIS)
https://archive.org/details/party_girl_mlis/adams2000/
The Anti-socialist Nature of Neo-liberalism: British Fascists
https://archive.org/details/british_fascists_wwi/bingmeng2018/
August B. Hollingshead & Social Stratification
https://archive.org/details/ab_hollingshead_social_stratification/Braithwaite1953/
Anti-Communism and Segregationist Thought in the Deep South
https://archive.org/details/img-8762_202110
[Elton Mayo]
[Manpower (Arbeitskraft)]
[Human Resources]
Economic Warfare
https://archive.org/details/economic_warfare/1939/page/n1/mode/2up
No Room Left in Rome: Minimum Wage & Dual Economies (IPE & Keynesian Economics)
https://archive.org/details/dual-econ_min-wage/banerjee1998/
Party Girl: Library and Information Science (MLIS)
https://archive.org/details/party_girl_mlis/adams2000/
The Anti-socialist Nature of Neo-liberalism: British Fascists
https://archive.org/details/british_fascists_wwi/bingmeng2018/
August B. Hollingshead & Social Stratification
https://archive.org/details/ab_hollingshead_social_stratification/Braithwaite1953/
Anti-Communism and Segregationist Thought in the Deep South
https://archive.org/details/img-8762_202110
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